Somewhere in the certification guide there is a chapter dedicated to “streams”.

A small part of it represents the input, output and error streams from PHP.  C/C++ has famous stdio.h library, but few people knows that input from keyboard is possible in PHP too.

In short, this can be achieved with PHP://STDIN, PHP://STDOUT and PHP://STDERR.

As this subject is panicking a lot of developers that are studding for ZCE, let’s get the confusion out. A stream represents a flow of information, just like when your reading and internal or external file using fopen.

But as a programmer best understands from cod, let’s get to more practical stuff.

Input

For input there is PHP://STDIN.

The next script is reading input from the keyboard:

 1#!/usr/bin/php
 2<?php
 3// initializing the input stream
 4$input = fopen('php://stdin', 'r');
 5
 6// welcome message
 7echo 'Type "exit" and then enter to exit' . PHP_EOL;
 8
 9// reading the stream input
10while($line = fgets($input, 1024)) {
11 // exit condition with line terminator
12 if($line == 'exit' . PHP_EOL) {
13    echo 'bye bye' . PHP_EOL;
14    break;
15 }
16 // displaying the input from the keyboard
17 echo 'You say: ' . $line . PHP_EOL;
18}
19
20// close stream
21fclose($input);

The first line of code is specially for Linux/Unix, and Windows users can remove it.

The cod above must be placed in to a file, like for instance testStream.php.

You must have execution rights for that file, witch can be achieved with:

1chmod +x testStream.php

Then the file can be executed in Linux directly with:

1$./testStream.php

In Windows you must give the absolute path to PHP, if the path is not already in the system include path:

1>c:\php\php.exe testStream.php

Notice that the input is with “\n” or “\r\n” at the end of the line, that’s why I’m testing “exit” with the line terminator (PHP_EOL). I’m using PHP_EOL so it can work with both Linux/Unix and Windows.

Output

For output there is PHP://STDOUT.

Unlike input, the output is a lot less relevant. Basically the output is the standard one which can be achieved with echo and print.

But for educational purpose let’s modify the previous file to use PHP://STDOUT:

 1#!/usr/bin/php
 2<?php
 3// initializing the input stream
 4$input = fopen('php://stdin', 'r');
 5
 6// initializing the output stream
 7$output = fopen('php://stdout', 'w');
 8
 9// welcome message
10fwrite($output, 'Type "exit" and then enter to exit' . PHP_EOL);
11// reading the steam input
12while($line = fgets($input, 1024)) {
13 // exit condition with line terminator
14 if($line == 'exit' . PHP_EOL) {
15    fwrite($output, 'bye bye' . PHP_EOL);
16    break;
17 }
18 // displaying the input from the keyboard
19 fwrite($output, 'You say: ' . $line . PHP_EOL);
20}
21
22// close input stream
23fclose($input);
24
25// close output stream
26fclose($output);

Basically there isn’t any change in the script, is just that the output was displayed using PHP://STDOUT explicitly.

Error

A more interesting subject then the output is the error stream.

Basically is more relevant in the Unix/Linux environment, probably is relevant in Windows too but I don’t know how to capture it. If your reading this blog and you know how to do this please leave a comment below.

And again let’s change the script so that error messages will use the proper stream. I’ll output an error each time the user enters more then 5 characters (I’m sorry but I don’t have a lot of ideas right now):

 1#!/usr/bin/php
 2<?php
 3// initializing the input stream
 4$input = fopen('php://stdin', 'r');
 5
 6// initializing the output stream
 7$output = fopen('php://stdout', 'w');
 8
 9// initializing the error stream
10$err = fopen('php://stderr', 'w');
11
12// welcome message
13fwrite($output, 'Type "exit" and then enter to exit' . PHP_EOL);
14
15// reading the steam input
16while($line = fgets($input, 1024)) {
17 // exit condition with line terminator
18 if($line == 'exit' . PHP_EOL) {
19    fwrite($output, 'bye bye' . PHP_EOL);
20    break;
21 }
22
23 if(strlen($line) > 5) {
24    fwrite($err, 'WARNING! Input greater then 5 characters: ' . $line);
25    continue;
26 }
27
28 // displaying the input from the keyboard
29 fwrite($output, 'Ai scris: ' . $line . PHP_EOL);
30}
31
32// close input stream
33fclose($input);
34
35// close output stream
36fclose($output);
37
38// close error stream
39fclose($err);

By default in Linux error messages are displayed to the screen, but there are scenarios when the errors are redirected for instance to a log file .

To redirect the error messages to a log file 2>> is used like in the following example:

1$./testStream 2>>testStream.log

Input from PIPE (|)

Let’s take the fallowing scenario: the output of a previous operation contains a serious of email addresses that are both valid and invalid. There should be two files: valid.txt with valid addresses and invalid.txt with invalid ones. The email addresses will be send to the script using pipe.

The list of email addresses will be simulated using a file called email.txt:

1valid_addres@yahoo.com
2another_valid@yahoo.co.uk
3invalid@y.c
4good@gmail.com
5invalid addres@hotmail.com
6foo

The name of the script will be emailTest.php:

 1#!/usr/bin/php
 2<?php
 3// initializing the input stream
 4$input = fopen('php://stdin', 'r');
 5
 6// initializing error stream
 7$err = fopen('php://stderr', 'w');
 8
 9// unlike the previous cases, here is tested for the end of the file
10// because the input is not coming from keyboard
11while(!feof($input)) {
12 // the value is trimmed to remove line terminators
13 $line = trim(fgets($input, 1024));
14
15 // test email address
16 if(filter_var($line, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
17    // direct output, equivalent to php://stdout stream
18    echo $line . PHP_EOL;
19 } else {
20    // invalid addresses are redirected to the php://stderr stream
21    // to be intercepted later
22    fputs($err, $line . PHP_EOL);
23 }
24}
25
26// close input stream
27fclose($input);
28
29// close error stream
30fclose($err);

For testing I’ll simulate the output of email addresses with the cat command:

1cat email.txt |./emailTest.php >valid.txt 2>invalid.txt

Now the files valid.txt and invalid.txt from the current directory contain the proper values.

Processing like this is very useful for complex operations. Basically is an alternative to Shell Scripting (linux) or Batch Scripting (windows), which are not as flexible.

Script arguments

Often is useful to send direct arguments to a script to have, for instance, a different functionality.

Let’s change the previous scenario to receive the name of the file that contains the email address, as a script argument.

The script arguments are automatically stored in the $argv variable. Notice the first element of the array ($argv[0]) is the name of the script!

The modified example is as follows:

 1#!/usr/bin/php
 2<?php
 3
 4// the count stars at 1 to eliminate the name of the script
 5for ($i = 1; $i < count($argv); $i++) {
 6  // initializing the input stream
 7  $input = fopen($argv[$i], 'r');
 8
 9  // initializing error stream
10  $err = fopen('php://stderr', 'w');
11
12  if(!$input) {
13   continue;
14  }
15
16  // unlike the previous cases, here is tested for the end of the file
17  // because the input is not coming from keyboard
18  while(!feof($input)) {
19   // the value is trimmed to remove line terminators
20   $line = trim(fgets($input, 1024));
21
22   // test email address
23   if(filter_var($line, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
24     // direct output, equivalent to php://stdout stream
25     echo $line . PHP_EOL;
26   } else {
27     // invalid addresses are redirected to the php://stderr stream
28     // to be intercepted later
29     fputs($err, $line . PHP_EOL);
30   }
31  }
32
33  // close input stream
34  fclose($input);
35
36  // close error stream
37  fclose($err);
38}

Now just run the script with arguments:

1$./argTest.php email.txt >valid.txt 2>invalid.txt

PHP for desktop, is it worth it?

PHP is described on Wikipedia as:

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages.

Taking this into consideration, apps divide in 3 category: web, command line and desktop.

For the Web, PHP is the most popular open-source (and not only) programming language.

PHP CLI

PHP CLI (Command Line Interface) I find it very interesting, even though is not used at it’s full potential. A lot of developers prefer shell scripting or Perl with no real reason. I’ve been playing around with this tool and I liked the result.

Important frameworks like: Zend, Symfony or Cake PHP are using PHP CLI to generate projects, models, CRUD or other features that can be easily used with a command line.

In the Windows environment the command line is not exactly popular, but in Linux is almost imperative. After all what’s the point of using shell scripting when you can use a powerful language with a lot of features like PHP?

But CLI is not limited just to the command line, it is usually used for cronjobs, pipes, socket-servers etc.

PHP-GTK

When it comes to PHP and desktop usually people thing about PHP-GTK. What do I thing about the project? Is not dead, like it says on the official website, but is not exactly alive. The reason? Gtk is not exactly simple. If you come from the Linux environment probably is not that difficult, but if you usually work on the web is not exactly html… Nevertheless there is a community that keep this project alive.

Nevertheless, it allows developers to build desktop apps in PHP, compatible with a wide variety of operating systems.

But there is an issue, the resulting apps are not exactly compiled code, they must run using a PHP virtual machine. Here is the issue, how do you distribute the app? If you have a small app of only few lines of code, to distribute it with a virtual machine is a little complicated… Also the code is visible, of course there are methods to solve this issue, but there aren’t exactly simple.

This is probabily the most popular PHP platform for desktop, if you can say that about this environment.

The documentation is pretty big, it was taken from the C++ version. Is not as well polished like the PHP manual for instance, but I believe is sufficient.

Winbinder

Compared to PHP-GTK it has an disadvantage, it only works on MS Widows operating system. The advantage is that it has a much simpler API. If I had to choose a PHP platform for desktop, probably I would go for Winbinder. Unfortunately is in the same state, is not dead but is not exactly alive. It also have the support of a community, but without any particular special results.

The issue with the compiled code is found here also, and even more the issue with platform distribution is just as bad. I firmly believe that if you want to develop an app using this platform, to make it work on your computer is the easiest part, to make it work on someone else’s computer is the real issue…

The documentation is pretty small, because of the API. But simplicity is good when it comes to programming, that means you can easily build pretty interesting apps.

Compilers

There a few, and the majority of them have some issue because they use old PHP versions of even old GTK. I’ve spend many hours on Google trying to find some reals solution but with no success.

Most popular compilers:

• Bambalam – works well with CLI and Winbinder. But it has a great disadvantage: it’s only compatible with PHP 4.4.4, and I believe that says it all. Anyway I believe it was the most interesting solution, unfortunately to old (the last version was released in 2006).
• PriadoBlender – works well with PHP-GTK and CLI, but is not very stable. The last (beta) version was released in 2007, and since then nothing new was ever heard from it. Probably if that version would be updated  it would help a lot the PHP-GTK project.

Conclusion

When it comes to Web, everything is great!

PHP as a command line tool is ever more popular and more tools appear each day!

In the desktop environment is a “the living dead” sensation… This projects are not dead but there not exactly alive. Of course there are other solution for PHP on desktop which I did not mention, but there are in about the same state. Probably a new approach would help, something more attractive for web developers and those passionate about this language.